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• Report
  • Contents
  • Foreword
  • Introductory note
  • Commentary – the drugs problem in Europe
    • A new European framework for coordination and cooperation
    • Drug use and drug supply: a distinction increasingly made
    • Heroin use: an important part of a bigger picture
    • Injecting and injecting-related health problems: a constant companion
    • Cocaine: signs of stability for Europe’s second most common illicit drug
    • Responding to a more complex European drug problem
    • The need better to define and understand polydrug use
    • Back to the future: anticipating threats and challenges
  • Chapter 1: Policies and laws
    • National drug strategies
    • Evaluation of national drug strategies
    • Drug-related public expenditure
    • EU legal and policy developments
      • Action plans
      • Drug supply reduction
      • Money laundering and confiscation of assets
      • Public health
      • EMCDDA regulation
    • New national laws
      • Quantities
      • Sentencing statistics
    • Drug-related crime
  • Chapter 2: Responding to drug problems in Europe – an overview
    • Prevention
      • Public health prevention
      • Universal school-based prevention
        • Police in schools
      • Selective prevention
        • Selective prevention in schools
        • Family-based prevention
        • Community-located prevention
      • Quality control in prevention
    • Treatment and harm reduction responses
      • Opioid substitution treatment
      • Provision and type of drug dependence treatment
      • Harm reduction responses
      • Targeted treatment and quality management
      • Social reintegration
  • Chapter 3: Cannabis
    • Supply and availability
      • Production and trafficking
      • Seizures
      • Price and potency
    • Prevalence and patterns of cannabis use
      • Patterns of cannabis use
      • Trends in cannabis use among adults
    • Treatment demand data
    • Prevention
  • Chapter 4: Amphetamines, ecstasy and other psychotropic drugs
    • Supply and availability
      • Amphetamine
      • Methamphetamine
      • Ecstasy
      • LSD
      • International action against production and trafficking of amphetamines and ecstasy
    • Prevalence and patterns of use
      • Trends
    • Treatment demand data – amphetamines and ecstasy
    • New and emerging drug trends
      • Hallucinogenic mushrooms: an emerging trend case study
      • GHB and ketamine
    • Action on new drugs
  • Chapter 5: Cocaine and crack cocaine
    • Cocaine supply and availability
      • Production and trafficking
      • Seizures
      • Price and purity
      • International action against cocaine production and trafficking
    • Prevalence and patterns of cocaine use
      • Trends in cocaine use
    • Treatment demand data
    • Treatment of cocaine dependence
    • Harm reduction approaches
  • Chapter 6: Opioid use and drug injection
    • Heroin supply and availability
      • Production and trafficking
      • Seizures
      • Price and purity
      • International action against the manufacture and trafficking of heroin
    • Prevalence estimates of problem opioid use
      • Time trends in problem opioid use
    • Injecting drug use
    • Treatment demand data
    • Treatment of opioid dependence
      • Monitoring methadone provision
  • Chapter 7: Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths
    • Drug-related infectious diseases
      • HIV and AIDS
        • Recent trends in newly reported HIV cases
        • HIV seroprevalence among tested IDUs
        • Low HIV prevalence countries
        • Sex differences in HIV prevalence among tested IDUs
        • AIDS incidence and availability of HAART
      • Hepatitis B and C
        • Hepatitis C
        • Hepatitis B
    • Preventing infectious diseases
      • Effective responses
        • Types of needle and syringe programmes in European countries
    • Mortality and drug-related deaths
      • Mortality among problem drug users
      • Drug-related deaths
      • Opioid deaths
        • Methadone deaths
        • Buprenorphine and fentanyl deaths
      • Trends in acute drug-related deaths
      • Deaths related to ecstasy and amphetamines
      • Deaths related to cocaine
    • Reducing drug-related deaths
      • Effective responses
        • Profile of responses
  • Chapter 8: Improving the monitoring of problem and multiple drug consumption
    • The PDU indicator and counting hidden populations of drug users
      • Moving beyond PDU indicator
      • The challenge of reporting polydrug use problems
        • Poly-substitution
        • Drug combinations
        • Increased risks through polydrug use
        • Limits of the data available on polydrug use
        • Developing an operational definition of poly-drug use: a question of timing?
    • Improving monitoring of the drug problem in Europe and improving the sensitivity to polydrug consumption
  • Legal notice
  • Acknowledgements
• Data library
  • Data elements by category
    • Figures
    • Boxes
    • Tables
  • Reitox national reports
  • Bibliography
• Press point
  • News releases
    • MESSAGE
      • Wolfgang Götz, Director
      • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
    • DRUGS IN EUROPE – FACTS AND FIGURES
      • 2006 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe and 2006 Statistical bulletin
    • ANNUAL REPORT 2006: DRUG PRICES DOWN, SEIZURES UP
      • Drugs in Europe now cheaper than ever before
    • A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON DRUG USE
      • Drug treatment services for women still limited in Europe
    • DRUG USE IN RECREATIONAL SETTINGS
      • Surveys find club-goers over 10 times more likely to have tried stimulant drugs
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